The concept is that two (or more) different types of plants have a similar but distinct form but differ dramatically in the combination, structure, or function of their cell-forming and non-cell-forming structures.[10] Cell size plays a pivotal role: plant tissues are not the same size or size classes as their environment. Different strains of the same species may have different cellular structures, which may be differentially expressed or activated. Different species may exhibit different metabolic or pharmacological profile. For example, different genetic backgrounds may lead to an increased likelihood of activation of a certain gene or gene combination, resulting in a different, or “tricular,” appearance in the body of the plant.[11]
It is important to note that the trifecta paradigm also applies in the evolution of multicellular organisms. As noted, multicellular organisms require specific cellularities in order to maintain, and may even survive, their unique characteristics—including a diverse environment, differing cell type, and a large range of physical abilities and traits. It is very likely that as far as single-celled organisms go, the trifecta is not only the most common scenario in evolution, but also is still the mainstay of modern theory. The complexity of multicellular organisms, their relative lack of any type of fixed structure, their ability to adapt and evolve over time, as well as the rapid evolution of novel cellular types is certainly compelling evidence against a simple, linear, and uniform paradigm as the basis for evolution. In fact, as one of our coauthors, Stephen P. B. Anderson (Baylor, TX), recently pointed out, “When one considers multicellularity to be an adaptation to the Earth, one cannot make the claim that the Earth was created with four-cellular life or any other type of life. As we have seen, there are too many of these organisms to describe them all.”[12]
The main challenge of the trifecta paradigm lies with its simplicity and simplicity’s inability to account for the fact that some organisms (and even whole organisms) are complex by their very nature and have specialized (different, complex) cellular structures. For example, bacteria, which are a single cell, have very different structures, and their unique forms are not easily explained by a cellular trifecta. Also, it is not yet clear that the simplest (and therefore most common) cellular structures have been selected for. Nevertheless, in light of the above, the trifecta paradigm has
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